Research Vocabulary

#401

research ethics

Example sentences

1. Research ethics guides the fair and safe treatment of participants.
2. The course teaches students the main rules of research ethics.
3. The team discussed research ethics before collecting data.

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#402

research integrity

Example sentences

1. Research integrity requires honest methods and accurate reporting.
2. The university offers training on research integrity.
3. Open records helped the team support research integrity.

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#403

ethical approval

Example sentences

1. The team received ethical approval before recruiting participants.
2. The journal asked for the ethical approval number.
3. Data collection cannot begin until ethical approval is confirmed.

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#404

ethics committee

Example sentences

1. The ethics committee reviewed the risks and benefits of the study.
2. The team answered questions from the ethics committee.
3. The ethics committee approved the revised consent form.

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#405

institutional review board

Example sentences

1. The institutional review board checked the study plan before recruitment.
2. The researchers reported the change to the institutional review board.
3. The institutional review board protects the rights of participants.

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#406

informed consent

Example sentences

1. Each participant gave informed consent before the interview.
2. The informed consent form explained the study in simple language.
3. Researchers must allow enough time for informed consent.

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#407

assent

Example sentences

1. The child gave assent after the study was explained clearly.
2. Parental consent and the child's assent were both required.
3. The researcher stopped when the child no longer wished to give assent.

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#408

voluntary participation

Example sentences

1. The consent form clearly explained voluntary participation.
2. Voluntary participation means that nobody is forced to join.
3. The researcher checked that voluntary participation continued throughout the study.

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#409

right to withdraw

Example sentences

1. The consent form explained the participant's right to withdraw.
2. The right to withdraw means a person can leave the study at any time.
3. The researcher respected the right to withdraw without asking for a reason.

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#410

confidentiality

Example sentences

1. The team protected confidentiality by storing names separately.
2. The consent form explained the limits of confidentiality.
3. Staff signed an agreement to maintain confidentiality.

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#411

anonymity

Example sentences

1. The online survey protected anonymity by not collecting names.
2. Anonymity made some participants feel safer when answering.
3. The report explains whether complete anonymity was possible.

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#412

privacy

Example sentences

1. The interview took place in a private room to protect privacy.
2. The study followed clear rules for participant privacy.
3. Researchers must respect privacy during data collection and storage.

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#413

data protection

Example sentences

1. The project used passwords and encryption for data protection.
2. All staff received training on data protection.
3. The data protection plan explains who can open the files.

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#414

de-identification

Example sentences

1. De-identification removed direct personal details from the dataset.
2. The team completed de-identification before sharing the data.
3. De-identification can reduce privacy risks but may not remove every risk.

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#415

anonymization

Example sentences

1. Anonymization made it very difficult to identify individual participants.
2. The team used anonymization before publishing the dataset.
3. Good anonymization may require removing several indirect details.

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#416

pseudonymization

Example sentences

1. Pseudonymization replaced each participant's name with a code.
2. The key for pseudonymization was stored in a separate secure file.
3. Pseudonymization allowed the team to reconnect records when necessary.

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#417

vulnerable population

Example sentences

1. The study included a vulnerable population and needed extra protections.
2. Researchers used simple language when speaking with the vulnerable population.
3. The ethics committee carefully reviewed research involving a vulnerable population.

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#418

risk-benefit assessment

Example sentences

1. The committee completed a risk-benefit assessment before approval.
2. The risk-benefit assessment showed that the expected benefits were greater than the risks.
3. The team updated the risk-benefit assessment after changing the procedure.

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#419

minimal risk

Example sentences

1. The survey was judged to involve minimal risk.
2. Minimal risk means the expected harm is very small.
3. The ethics committee agreed that the interview study had minimal risk.

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#420

adverse event

Example sentences

1. The nurse recorded the adverse event on the same day.
2. Every adverse event was reviewed by the study doctor.
3. The consent form explained the chance of an adverse event.

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