Research Vocabulary

#241

parallel-forms reliability

Example sentences

1. Parallel-forms reliability compares two similar versions of a test.
2. The two forms showed strong parallel-forms reliability.
3. The team used parallel-forms reliability to check whether both tests were equal.

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#242

measurement error

Example sentences

1. Measurement error is the difference between the true value and the recorded value.
2. The team repeated each reading to reduce measurement error.
3. Poor equipment can increase measurement error.

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#243

random error

Example sentences

1. Random error changes in an unpredictable way from one measurement to another.
2. A larger sample can reduce the effect of random error.
3. The researchers repeated measurements to limit random error.

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#244

systematic error

Example sentences

1. The broken scale created systematic error by adding two kilograms to every weight.
2. Systematic error moves measurements in the same wrong direction.
3. Calibration helped the team reduce systematic error.

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#245

construct validity

Example sentences

1. Construct validity shows whether a tool truly measures the intended construct.
2. The anxiety scale had good construct validity.
3. The team used several tests to examine construct validity.

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#246

content validity

Example sentences

1. Content validity shows whether a tool covers all important parts of a topic.
2. Experts reviewed the questions to support content validity.
3. Missing topics would weaken the content validity of the questionnaire.

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#247

criterion validity

Example sentences

1. Criterion validity compares a measure with a trusted standard.
2. The new test showed good criterion validity against the clinical assessment.
3. The researchers used an established tool to examine criterion validity.

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#248

convergent validity

Example sentences

1. Convergent validity is supported when similar measures give related results.
2. The two stress scales showed strong convergent validity.
3. The team compared related measures to test convergent validity.

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#249

discriminant validity

Example sentences

1. Discriminant validity shows that different concepts are not measured as the same thing.
2. The results supported discriminant validity between stress and job satisfaction.
3. Very high links between different scales may weaken discriminant validity.

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#250

face validity

Example sentences

1. Face validity means a measure appears suitable at first look.
2. Participants said the questions had good face validity.
3. Expert opinion was used to check face validity.

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#251

data

Example sentences

1. The report explains how the team collected the data.
2. Only approved team members could use the data.
3. The analyst cleaned the data before creating the tables.

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#252

dataset

Example sentences

1. The analyst cleaned the dataset before creating the tables.
2. The project kept a backup copy of the dataset.
3. The team stored the dataset in a secure file.

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#253

raw data

Example sentences

1. The team stored the raw data in a secure file.
2. The researchers checked the raw data before the analysis.
3. The report explains how the team collected the raw data.

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#254

primary data

Example sentences

1. The report explains how the team collected the primary data.
2. Only approved team members could use the primary data.
3. The analyst cleaned the primary data before creating the tables.

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#255

secondary data

Example sentences

1. The analyst cleaned the secondary data before creating the tables.
2. The project kept a backup copy of the secondary data.
3. The team stored the secondary data in a secure file.

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#256

quantitative data

Example sentences

1. The team stored the quantitative data in a secure file.
2. The researchers checked the quantitative data before the analysis.
3. The report explains how the team collected the quantitative data.

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#257

qualitative data

Example sentences

1. The report explains how the team collected the qualitative data.
2. Only approved team members could use the qualitative data.
3. The analyst cleaned the qualitative data before creating the tables.

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#258

structured data

Example sentences

1. The analyst cleaned the structured data before creating the tables.
2. The project kept a backup copy of the structured data.
3. The team stored the structured data in a secure file.

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#259

unstructured data

Example sentences

1. The team stored the unstructured data in a secure file.
2. The researchers checked the unstructured data before the analysis.
3. The report explains how the team collected the unstructured data.

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#260

fieldwork

Example sentences

1. The report explains why fieldwork was suitable for the study.
2. The team discussed the strengths and limits of fieldwork.
3. The team learned about people's experiences through the use of fieldwork.

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