Research Vocabulary

#221

ratio scale

Example sentences

1. Height and weight are usually measured on a ratio scale.
2. A ratio scale has equal spaces and a true zero.
3. The researcher used a ratio scale for participant age in months.

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#222

operational definition

Example sentences

1. The operational definition explains exactly how stress was measured.
2. A clear operational definition helps other researchers repeat the study.
3. The team agreed on an operational definition before collecting data.

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#223

operationalization

Example sentences

1. Operationalization changed the idea of wellbeing into measurable questions.
2. The team discussed operationalization during the design stage.
3. Clear operationalization connects a concept with real data.

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#224

measurement

Example sentences

1. Accurate measurement is important for reliable results.
2. The team repeated the measurement to check the first value.
3. The report explains the measurement of each main variable.

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#225

measure

Example sentences

1. The questionnaire included a short measure of job satisfaction.
2. The team chose a measure that was easy to understand.
3. Each measure was tested before the main survey.

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#226

indicator

Example sentences

1. School attendance was used as an indicator of student engagement.
2. The team selected one clear indicator for each objective.
3. This indicator is easy to collect and compare.

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#227

instrument

Example sentences

1. The questionnaire was the main instrument for data collection.
2. The team tested the instrument before the full survey.
3. The methods section explains how the instrument was scored.

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#228

scale

Example sentences

1. The researchers used a short scale to measure stress.
2. Each scale had clear instructions and scoring rules.
3. The pilot study showed that the scale was easy to understand.

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#229

composite index

Example sentences

1. The composite index combined income, housing, and education indicators.
2. A higher composite index showed better living conditions.
3. The report explains how each part of the composite index was weighted.

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#230

questionnaire

Example sentences

1. Each participant completed a short questionnaire.
2. The questionnaire included both closed and open questions.
3. The team revised the questionnaire after the pilot study.

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#231

survey item

Example sentences

1. One survey item asked about weekly exercise.
2. The team removed a confusing survey item.
3. Each survey item measured one clear idea.

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#232

test

Example sentences

1. The researchers used a reading test to measure student performance.
2. The test took about twenty minutes to complete.
3. The team checked the test instructions during the pilot study.

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#233

rubric

Example sentences

1. The teacher used a rubric to score each written answer.
2. The rubric described what counted as excellent, good, or weak work.
3. Two reviewers used the same rubric to improve consistency.

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#234

rating scale

Example sentences

1. The rating scale ranged from one to five.
2. Observers used the rating scale to record behavior.
3. Clear labels made the rating scale easier to understand.

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#235

Likert scale

Example sentences

1. The Likert scale ranged from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
2. Each statement used the same five-point Likert scale.
3. The team explained the Likert scale before participants answered.

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#236

reliability

Example sentences

1. The team checked reliability to see whether the instrument gave consistent results.
2. High reliability means the measurement is stable and consistent.
3. The pilot study provided an early estimate of reliability.

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#237

validity

Example sentences

1. Validity shows whether an instrument measures what it should measure.
2. The researchers collected several kinds of evidence for validity.
3. High reliability does not always guarantee validity.

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#238

internal consistency

Example sentences

1. Internal consistency shows whether items measure the same general idea.
2. The stress scale had strong internal consistency.
3. The team checked internal consistency after collecting the pilot data.

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#239

test-retest reliability

Example sentences

1. Test-retest reliability compares scores from the same people at two times.
2. The scale showed good test-retest reliability after two weeks.
3. Large score changes may reduce test-retest reliability.

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#240

inter-rater reliability

Example sentences

1. Inter-rater reliability shows whether different observers give similar ratings.
2. The two nurses had high inter-rater reliability.
3. Training improved inter-rater reliability during the study.

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